Letters
| Arabian | Latin | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| ا | أَلِف | ’ a | ‘alif |
| ب | بَاء | b | bā’ |
| ج | جِيم | j | jīm |
| د | دَال | d | dāl |
| ذ | dh | ||
| ه | هَاء | h | hā' |
| و | وَاو | w u | wāw |
| ز | زَاي | z | zāy |
| ح | خَاء | h | hā' |
| خ | kh | ||
| ط | طَاء | t | tād |
| ظ | z | ||
| ي | يَاء | y i | yā' |
| ك | كَاف | k | kāf |
| ل | لَام | l | lām |
| م | مِيم | m | mīm |
| ن | نُون | n | nūn |
| س | سِين | s | sīn |
| ع | عَيْن | ' | ‘ayn |
| غ | gh | ||
| ف | فَاء | f | fā’ |
| ص | صَاد | s | sād |
| ض | d | ||
| ق | قَاف | q | qāf |
| ر | رَاء | r | rā' |
| ش | شِين | š | šīm |
| ث | ثَاء | th | thā' |
| ت | t |
Further, there are these vowel marks:
| Arabian | Latin |
|---|---|
| ـَ | a |
| ـَا | ā |
| ـِ | e |
| ـِي | ī |
| ـُ | o |
| ـُو | ū |
| ـَي | ay |
| ـَو | aw |
| ـً | an |
| ـٍ | in |
| ـٌ | un |
And this modifier mark:
| Mark | Name | Latin |
|---|---|---|
| ء | هَمْزَة | hamzah |
Pronunciation
| Letter | Sound |
|---|---|
| ا ع ء | |
| ب | b |
| ج | gi |
| د | d |
| ذ | ð |
| ه ح خ | h |
| و | u |
| ز | z |
| ط | t |
| ظ | ds |
| ي | i |
| ك ق | c |
| ل | l |
| م | m |
| ن | n |
| س | s |
| غ | g |
| ف | f |
| ص | s |
| ض | sz |
| ر | r |
| ش | ci |
| ت | t |
| ث | th |
| ـَ ـِ | e |
| ـَا | a |
| ـِي | i |
| ـُ | o |
| ـُو | u |
| ـَي | ai |
| ـَو | au |
| ـً | an |
| ـٍ | in |
| ـٌ | un |
Hebrew, Syrian, & Parthian
| Hebrew | Assyrian | Syrian | Parthian | Arabian | Latin |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ࠀ | א | ܐ | 𐬀 | ا | a |
| ࠁ | ב | ܒ | 𐬠 | ب | b |
| ࠂ | ג | ܓ | 𐬔 | ج | g |
| ࠃ | ד | ܕ | 𐬛 | د | d |
| ࠄ | ה | ܗ | 𐬆 | ه | e |
| ࠅ | ו | ܘ | 𐬭 | و | u |
| ࠆ | ז | ܙ | 𐬰 | ز | z |
| ࠇ | ח | ܚ | 𐬈 | ح | h |
| ࠈ | ט | ܛ | 𐬚 | ط | th |
| ࠉ | י | ܝ | 𐬌 | ي | i |
| ࠊ | כ | ܟ | 𐬑 | ك | c ch |
| ࠋ | ל | ܠ | 𐬮 | ل | l |
| ࠌ | מ | ܡ | 𐬨 | م | m |
| ࠍ | נ | ܢ | 𐬥 | ن | n |
| ࠎ | ס | ܣ | 𐬯 | س | s |
| ࠏ | ע | ܥ | 𐬭 | ع | o |
| ࠐ | פ | ܦ | 𐬞 | ف | p ph |
| ࠑ | צ | ܨ | 𐬱 | ص | s |
| ࠒ | ק | ܩ | 𐬨 | ق | q |
| ࠓ | ר | ܪ | 𐬭 | ر | r |
| ࠔ | ש | ܫ | 𐬗 | ش | š |
| ࠕ | ת | ܬ | 𐬙 | ت | t |
Certain Arabian letters are derived from others:
| Letter | Derivation |
|---|---|
| ا | ء |
| د | ذ |
| ح | خ |
| ط | ظ |
| ص | ض |
| ع | غ |
| ت | ث |
Certain Assyrian letters have terminal forms:
| Letter | Termination |
|---|---|
| כ | ך |
| מ | ם |
| נ | ן |
| פ | ף |
| צ | ץ |
Certain Parthian letters are derived from others:
| Letter | Derivation |
|---|---|
| 𐬀 | 𐬁 𐬂 𐬃 𐬄 𐬅 𐬧 𐬊 𐬋 |
| 𐬠 | 𐬡 |
| 𐬔 | 𐬕 𐬐 𐬖 |
| 𐬆 | 𐬇 𐬢 𐬤 |
| 𐬭 | 𐬎 𐬏 |
| 𐬈 | 𐬉 𐬣 |
| 𐬚 | 𐬜 |
| 𐬌 | 𐬍 𐬪 𐬬 |
| 𐬑 | 𐬒 𐬓 𐬵 |
| 𐬨 | 𐬩 |
| 𐬥 | 𐬦 |
| 𐬞 | 𐬟 |
| 𐬱 | 𐬲 𐬳 𐬴 |
| 𐬗 | 𐬘 |
| 𐬙 | 𐬝 |
Persian
The Persians adopted the Arabian alphabet, but added these letters:
| Letter | Latin |
|---|---|
| پ | p |
| چ | č |
| ژ | ž |
| گ | g |
| ڤ | v |
These are pronounced so:
| Letter | Sound |
|---|---|
| پ | p |
| چ | tci |
| ژ | gi |
| گ | g |
| ڤ | v |
Further, Persians pronounce these letters differently from Arabians:
| Letter | Arabian | Persian |
|---|---|---|
| ث | th | s |
| ذ | ð | z |
| ض | d | z |
| ظ | ð | z |